21) Dairy and Diary
‘Dairy’ works as an adjective, meaning anything that is derived from milk, and a noun, meaning an establishment that produces dairy products. I am allergic to dairy products.
‘Diary’ is a noun, referring to a written record of one’s personal experiences. I write in my diary every
night.
22) Each and Every
‘Each’ and ‘every’ are determiners, words that are ‘used with singular nouns to indicate quantity’. There are differences between the two that are important to grasp for usage, though.
23) Do and Make
‘Do’ is used as follows:
‘Make’, on the other hand, is used:
To any layman, ‘hearing’ and ‘listening’ may appear to be one and the same thing, but there is a subtle difference between the two words.
At one level, they are of course both functions of the ear that involve receiving sounds and processing them. However, herein lies the difference: any sound that is received by the ear and noted by the brain can be said to have been ‘heard’; it is only when a conscious effort is made to hear something that ‘listening’ comes into play.
For example, if the sounds from a conversation carry to you, but you make no effort to understand what is being said, you must say that you ‘heard’ the conversation. On the other hand, as soon as you make a conscious effort to understand or pay attention to what you are hearing, you are ‘listening’. Therefore, we do not ‘hear’ songs, we ‘listen’ to them (unless, of course, they are simply part of the background and we aren’t actually paying attention to them).
It must be noted that ‘hear’ can be used in place of ‘listen’ sometimes, but ‘listen’ should not be used in place of ‘hear’.
25) Much and Many
‘Much’ and ‘many’ are both determiners that suggest an unspecified quantity, with more or less the same basic meaning: ‘in great quantity’ or ‘in large number’. There is, however, a distinction in their usage.
‘Much’, not ‘many’, is used for uncountable nouns, which are in singular form.
I have much faith in him.
On the other hand, ‘many’ is used for countable nouns, which are in plural form, and here ‘much’ cannot be used.
Many youngsters today are taking to atheism.
26) See and Watch
‘To see’ something is simply to look at it or spot it; it may be unintentional, ie, you may not have been looking for it. I saw a man up ahead.
‘To watch’ something is look at something closely or intently, generally because it is moving. I watched the movie.
27) Loose and Lose
‘Loose’ is generally used as an adjective, the opposite of tight or contained.
The dog is running loose in the streets.
These jeans are loose around my waist.
‘Lose’ is a verb that means to suffer the loss of, to miss.
Don’t lose the car keys.
28) Have and Has
‘Have’ and ‘has’ are both used to denote possession, form the perfect tense, and the past tense of both is ‘had’, but they are used differently.
‘Have’ is used with
29) Some and Any
Both ‘some’ and ‘any’ are used to refer to indefinite quantities, ie, when it is not necessary to specify a number. There are important differences between the two that must be grasped for usage, however.
Some
‘Some’ is commonly used in affirmative statements, such as I would like to have some fun.
‘Any’ is hardly ever used in such statements, except to emphasise that the quality of the object does not matter. For example, I would like any apples suggests that the speaker does not care what kind of apples they are (indicating a desperate need or desire for apples), whereas I would like some apples does not suggest anything about the quality of the apples or desperation of the speaker.
Any
‘Any’ is commonly used in negative statements, such as We do not have any apples. Here, ‘some’ may not be used.
‘Any’ is also used in affirmative statements, if the statements contain negative words such as ‘hardly’, ‘barely’, ‘never’, ‘without’, ‘little’, etc. For example, We hardly have any apples cannot be rewritten as We hardly have some apples.
In questions
While both ‘any’ and ‘some’ can both be used in questions, ‘any’ is more common and natural in this form.
Do you have any apples? can be rewritten as Do you have some apples? However, ‘some’ is not always applicable. For example, in the case of Do you have any idea what the score is?, ‘any’ cannot be replaced by ‘some’.
‘Some’ is more commonly used in offers and requests, such as Would you like some tea?
If clauses
Both ‘some’ and ‘any are common in ‘if’ clauses, with similar meanings, as in If you need some/any assistance, feel free to give me a ring.
30) Tell and Say
Both ‘tell’ and ‘say’ refer to the act of communicating verbally with someone, but they are used differently. It is important to keep the differences in their usage in mind, for the two words are not interchangeable.
With direct speech, we use ‘say’. ‘Tell’ is only used with direct speech that is commanding or informative.
She said, ‘I must leave.’
‘Let me go,’ I said.
He told her: ‘Leave.’
‘It is that way,’ he told her.
With reported speech, either of the two words may be used, but as you may have noticed above, ‘tell’ is followed by a pronoun. The object must be specified when using ‘tell’. Thus, you say something, but you tell someone something.
She said that she had to leave.
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‘Dairy’ works as an adjective, meaning anything that is derived from milk, and a noun, meaning an establishment that produces dairy products. I am allergic to dairy products.
‘Diary’ is a noun, referring to a written record of one’s personal experiences. I write in my diary every
night.
22) Each and Every
‘Each’ and ‘every’ are determiners, words that are ‘used with singular nouns to indicate quantity’. There are differences between the two that are important to grasp for usage, though.
- ‘Each’ is used when there are two objects; here ‘every’ is not used. For example,
- He wore multiple bracelets on each hand (note: singular noun).
- There were two of them. They each carried backpacks, and each backpack (note: singular noun) contained invaluable souvenirs.
- He wanted each/every item on the catalogue.
- There is a bathroom in each/every room.
- ‘Each’ can be used as a pronoun, but ‘every’ cannot. Note the difference between the following sentences:
- The students were waiting for the question sheets to be handed out. Each was in a state of great nervousness.
- The students were waiting for the question sheets to be handed out. Every student/one of them was in a state of great nervousness.
Clearly, ‘each’ replaces the noun ‘student’. ‘Every’ does not; it requires to be followed by the noun, or by ‘one of them’.
- With adverbs (practically, nearly, almost, etc), only ‘every’ in used. In the following sentences, ‘every’ cannot be replaced by ‘each’:
- She knew practically every detail of his daily routine.
- Nearly every fruit on the cart was spoilt.
- ‘Every’ is used to refer to repeated, regular events, as in the following cases:
- We meet every so often
- I get a health check-up done every six months.
- I had to take a water break after every other set.
23) Do and Make
‘Do’ is used as follows:
- For daily activities.
Do the dishes.
- In general reference, ie, when one does not have a specific activity in mind.
You are doing too much for one person.
- In standard expressions, ie, collocations (verb + noun combinations) that have become standardised through usage.
Do a favour.
- To describe an activity that produces something tangible.
Make coffee.
- In standard expressions. Make room.
To any layman, ‘hearing’ and ‘listening’ may appear to be one and the same thing, but there is a subtle difference between the two words.
At one level, they are of course both functions of the ear that involve receiving sounds and processing them. However, herein lies the difference: any sound that is received by the ear and noted by the brain can be said to have been ‘heard’; it is only when a conscious effort is made to hear something that ‘listening’ comes into play.
For example, if the sounds from a conversation carry to you, but you make no effort to understand what is being said, you must say that you ‘heard’ the conversation. On the other hand, as soon as you make a conscious effort to understand or pay attention to what you are hearing, you are ‘listening’. Therefore, we do not ‘hear’ songs, we ‘listen’ to them (unless, of course, they are simply part of the background and we aren’t actually paying attention to them).
It must be noted that ‘hear’ can be used in place of ‘listen’ sometimes, but ‘listen’ should not be used in place of ‘hear’.
25) Much and Many
‘Much’ and ‘many’ are both determiners that suggest an unspecified quantity, with more or less the same basic meaning: ‘in great quantity’ or ‘in large number’. There is, however, a distinction in their usage.
‘Much’, not ‘many’, is used for uncountable nouns, which are in singular form.
I have much faith in him.
On the other hand, ‘many’ is used for countable nouns, which are in plural form, and here ‘much’ cannot be used.
Many youngsters today are taking to atheism.
26) See and Watch
‘To see’ something is simply to look at it or spot it; it may be unintentional, ie, you may not have been looking for it. I saw a man up ahead.
‘To watch’ something is look at something closely or intently, generally because it is moving. I watched the movie.
27) Loose and Lose
‘Loose’ is generally used as an adjective, the opposite of tight or contained.
The dog is running loose in the streets.
These jeans are loose around my waist.
‘Lose’ is a verb that means to suffer the loss of, to miss.
Don’t lose the car keys.
28) Have and Has
‘Have’ and ‘has’ are both used to denote possession, form the perfect tense, and the past tense of both is ‘had’, but they are used differently.
‘Have’ is used with
- the following pronouns: I, you, we, they. I have a pencil. We have a big house.
- pluralised nouns: Doctors must have a rough time, dealing with illnesses all the time.
29) Some and Any
Both ‘some’ and ‘any’ are used to refer to indefinite quantities, ie, when it is not necessary to specify a number. There are important differences between the two that must be grasped for usage, however.
Some
‘Some’ is commonly used in affirmative statements, such as I would like to have some fun.
‘Any’ is hardly ever used in such statements, except to emphasise that the quality of the object does not matter. For example, I would like any apples suggests that the speaker does not care what kind of apples they are (indicating a desperate need or desire for apples), whereas I would like some apples does not suggest anything about the quality of the apples or desperation of the speaker.
Any
‘Any’ is commonly used in negative statements, such as We do not have any apples. Here, ‘some’ may not be used.
‘Any’ is also used in affirmative statements, if the statements contain negative words such as ‘hardly’, ‘barely’, ‘never’, ‘without’, ‘little’, etc. For example, We hardly have any apples cannot be rewritten as We hardly have some apples.
In questions
While both ‘any’ and ‘some’ can both be used in questions, ‘any’ is more common and natural in this form.
Do you have any apples? can be rewritten as Do you have some apples? However, ‘some’ is not always applicable. For example, in the case of Do you have any idea what the score is?, ‘any’ cannot be replaced by ‘some’.
‘Some’ is more commonly used in offers and requests, such as Would you like some tea?
If clauses
Both ‘some’ and ‘any are common in ‘if’ clauses, with similar meanings, as in If you need some/any assistance, feel free to give me a ring.
30) Tell and Say
Both ‘tell’ and ‘say’ refer to the act of communicating verbally with someone, but they are used differently. It is important to keep the differences in their usage in mind, for the two words are not interchangeable.
With direct speech, we use ‘say’. ‘Tell’ is only used with direct speech that is commanding or informative.
She said, ‘I must leave.’
‘Let me go,’ I said.
He told her: ‘Leave.’
‘It is that way,’ he told her.
With reported speech, either of the two words may be used, but as you may have noticed above, ‘tell’ is followed by a pronoun. The object must be specified when using ‘tell’. Thus, you say something, but you tell someone something.
She said that she had to leave.
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